?good mechanical process engineer must be a good processing equipment application engineer. He has a very accurate and full understanding of the types, processing application scope, structural characteristics and processing accuracy of various processing equipment in the machinery industry. At the same time, he can also actually combine the specific conditions of his company’s equipment, Make reasonable equipment layout and arrangement for various processing parts and processes, understand their processing advantages and disadvantages, and be able to make good use of their strengths and avoid weaknesses to coordinate the company’s machining work.

下面，我們就對(duì)機(jī)械加工行業(yè)常用的幾種加工設(shè)備做一個(gè)大致的分析和認(rèn)識(shí)，以便我們從感性的角度對(duì)這個(gè)行業(yè)的加工設(shè)備有一個(gè)比較清晰和清晰的定義。同時(shí)，我們也可以從理論的角度對(duì)各種加工設(shè)備進(jìn)行一定的分析，以便我們?cè)谝院蟮墓ぷ髦懈玫亟Y(jié)合實(shí)際，從而進(jìn)一步指導(dǎo)我們的工作，幫助我們的工作。

Our introduction focuses on the most common machining equipment in the machining industry, such as turning, milling, planing, grinding, boring, drilling, wire cutting and so on. We further elaborate on the type, scope of application, structural characteristics and machining accuracy of these machining equipment. Let’s move on to the main topic below.

1.車床

(1) 車床類型

There are many types of lathes. According to the statistics of a machinist’s manual, there are 77 kinds. The typical categories are: instrument lathes, single axle automatic lathes, multi axle automatic or semi-automatic lathes, return wheel or turret lathes, crankshaft and camshaft lathes, vertical lathes, landing and horizontal lathes, profiling and multi tool lathes, axle roller spindles and tooth shoveling lathes, etc, This is divided into many small categories, and the number varies. Vertical lathes and horizontal lathes are commonly used in our machinery industry. These two lathes can be seen in almost all places with machining.

(2)車床加工范圍

我們主要選取幾種典型的車床類型來介紹加工的應(yīng)用范圍。

A、臥式車床可用于車削內(nèi)外圓柱面、圓錐面、成形旋轉(zhuǎn)面和環(huán)形槽、車削斷面和各種螺紋，并可進(jìn)行鉆孔、鉸孔、鉸孔、攻絲、螺紋和滾花。普通臥式車床雖然自動(dòng)化程度低，加工過程中的輔助時(shí)間較多，但由于加工范圍廣，綜合性能好，在機(jī)械加工行業(yè)得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用和推廣。是我國(guó)機(jī)械行業(yè)典型的加工設(shè)備之一，也是機(jī)械加工行業(yè)不可缺少的加工設(shè)備之一。

B、立式車床適用于各種框架、殼體零件的加工，以及各種零件的內(nèi)外圓柱面、圓錐面、端面、槽、切、鉆、擴(kuò)、鉸等加工。借助附加裝置，還可實(shí)現(xiàn)螺紋車削、端面車削、仿形、銑削、磨削等加工工藝。

(3) 車床加工精度

A、一般臥式車床的加工精度如下：

圓度：0.015mm；圓柱度：0.02/150mm；平面度0.02/￠150mm；表面粗糙度：1.6ra/ μ m。

B、立式車床加工精度如下：

圓度：0.02mm；圓柱度：0.01mm；平面度 0.03mm。

以上加工精度只是一個(gè)相對(duì)參考值，并不代表所有車床都符合要求。很多車床設(shè)備根據(jù)廠家的具體要求和具體的裝配條件，都有一定的上下浮動(dòng)量。但是，無(wú)論浮動(dòng)量有多大，其加工精度值都必須滿足該類設(shè)備的國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求。采購(gòu)此類設(shè)備時(shí)，如加工精度不符合國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求，采購(gòu)人有權(quán)拒絕驗(yàn)收和付款。

2.銑床

(1)銑床類型

銑床的類型也復(fù)雜多樣。據(jù)機(jī)械師手冊(cè)統(tǒng)計(jì)，有70多種。典型類型有：儀表銑床、懸臂滑枕銑床、龍門銑床、平面銑床、仿形銑床、立式升降銑床、臥式升降工作臺(tái)銑床、床身銑床、刀具銑床等，分為很多小類，數(shù)量不同，在我們的機(jī)械行業(yè)中，常用的有立式加工中心和龍門加工中心。幾乎所有的加工場(chǎng)所都可以看到這兩種銑床。我們還對(duì)這兩種典型的銑床進(jìn)行了一般性的介紹和分析。

(2)銑床適用范圍

由于銑床的種類和結(jié)構(gòu)太多，應(yīng)用范圍很廣，所以我們對(duì)兩種典型的銑床進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的介紹，它們是最常用的立式加工中心和龍門加工中心。

A、立式加工中心（如上圖），實(shí)際上是一種帶刀架的立式數(shù)控銑床，主要特點(diǎn)是使用多刃旋轉(zhuǎn)刀具進(jìn)行切削，可用于加工平面、槽、齒輪分度件、螺旋面及各種面。特別是隨著數(shù)控技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，這類機(jī)床的加工范圍也有了很大的提高，除了可以進(jìn)行各種銑削加工外，還可以對(duì)工件進(jìn)行鉆孔、鏜孔、鉸孔和攻絲，具有廣泛的實(shí)用性和通用性。意義。

B. Gantry machining center, compared with vertical machining center, is a composite application of CNC gantry milling machine tool adding library. In the processing scope, gantry machining center has almost all processing capabilities of ordinary vertical machining center, and can adapt to the processing of larger tools in terms of the overall dimension of parts, At the same time, it has great advantages in processing efficiency and precision, especially the practical application of five axis linkage gantry machining center, its processing scope has also been greatly improved, which lays the foundation for the development of China’s manufacturing industry to the direction of high precision.

(3)銑床加工精度：

A、立式加工中心：

平整度：0.025/300mm；粗糙度：1.6ra/μm。

B、龍門加工中心：

平整度：0.025/300mm；粗糙度：2.5ra/ μ m。

以上加工精度只是一個(gè)相對(duì)參考值，并不代表所有銑床都符合要求。許多銑床設(shè)備根據(jù)制造商的具體要求和具體的裝配條件，都有一定的上下浮動(dòng)。但是，無(wú)論浮動(dòng)量有多大，加工精度值都必須符合該設(shè)備的國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求，如果購(gòu)買的設(shè)備，如果加工精度不符合國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的要求，購(gòu)買方有拒絕接受和付款的權(quán)利。

3.刨床

(1) 刨床類型

Compared with lathes and milling machines, there are many fewer types of planers. Similarly, according to the statistics of the machinist’s manual, there are about 21 types. The typical types are: cantilever planer, gantry planer, shaper, edge and die planer, etc. these categories are divided into many small types of planer products, and we have the highest utilization rate in the machinery industry, The most popular planers should be shapers and planers. As shown in the figure above, we will make a basic analysis and introduction for these two typical planers.

(2)刨床的應(yīng)用范圍

刨床的刨削運(yùn)動(dòng)主要是相對(duì)于被加工工件作周期性的往復(fù)直線運(yùn)動(dòng)。其適用的刨削零件特點(diǎn)多為平面、斜面、凹凸面的加工，也可對(duì)各種曲面進(jìn)行刨削。但由于自身加工特性的限制，加工刨削速度并不太高，帶回程的刨床不參與零件的加工切削，因此造成空行程損失，處理效率比較低。

同時(shí)，隨著數(shù)控技術(shù)的巨大進(jìn)步和其他加工設(shè)備的自動(dòng)化，刨削加工方式逐漸被取代。從很多設(shè)備的升級(jí)趨勢(shì)來看，這類加工機(jī)床并沒有大幅度的升級(jí)和創(chuàng)新，很大程度上還停留在原有的結(jié)構(gòu)布局上，尤其是立式加工中心和龍門加工中心的蓬勃發(fā)展，以及加工工具的不斷創(chuàng)新，在加工范圍方面大大取代了刨床的加工優(yōu)勢(shì)，使得這種加工效率相對(duì)較低的設(shè)備處于非常尷尬的境地。

(3)刨床加工精度

The planing accuracy can generally reach the it10-it7 accuracy level, especially for the machining of long guide rail surface of some large machine tools, it can even replace grinding, which is the so-called “precision planing instead of precision grinding”.

4.磨床

(1) 磨床類型

Compared with the processing equipment of the previous models, there are many kinds of grinding machines. According to the statistics of a machining technologist’s manual, there are about 194 kinds, which can be divided into: instrument grinder, cylindrical grinder, internal grinder, grinder, coordinate grinder, guide rail grinder, tool edge grinder, plane and end face grinder, crankshaft camshaft spline and roll grinder Tool grinder, superfinishing machine, inner circle honing machine, outer circle and other honing machines, polishing machine, abrasive belt polishing and grinding machine. There are too many types of machine tools, such as grinding machine tools, piston ring grinding machines, roller grinding machines, ball grinding machines and grinding rings for grinding pistons, valves, rollers, etc, Moreover, many grinding machines are some specific equipment in specific industries, so we make a basic introduction to the grinding machines commonly used in the machinery industry. In this article, we mainly choose cylindrical grinding machines and surface grinding machines for a brief description.

（二）磨床適用范圍

A、外圓磨床和外圓磨床主要用于加工圓柱面、圓錐面或其他旋轉(zhuǎn)體的外表面和臺(tái)肩端面。因其良好的加工適應(yīng)性和加工精度，被廣泛應(yīng)用于機(jī)械加工中一些高精度零件的加工，特別是在這些零件的最終精加工過程中，不僅能最大程度地保證加工零件的幾何尺寸。程度，也能滿足良好的表面光潔度要求。因此，它是機(jī)械加工過程中不可缺少的設(shè)備之一。

B、平面磨床主要用于加工平面、臺(tái)階面、側(cè)面等零件的表面。它也廣泛用于機(jī)械工業(yè)。尤其是在一些高精度零件的加工中，磨床幾乎是保證加工精度的唯一選擇。因此，平面磨床的使用是大多數(shù)磨削操作人員的必修課，即使在一些設(shè)備裝配行業(yè)，平面磨床的使用也是裝配人員的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)技能，因?yàn)檠b配過程中各種調(diào)整墊的磨削取決于平面磨床。

(3)磨床加工精度

A、外圓磨床加工精度：

圓度和圓柱度：0.003mm；表面粗糙度：0.32ra/ μ m。

B、平面磨床加工精度：

平行度：0.01/300mm；表面粗糙度：0.8ra/ μ m。

從以上加工精度我們也可以清楚地看出，與以往的車床、銑床、刨床等加工設(shè)備相比，磨床可以達(dá)到更高的行為公差精度和表面粗糙度。因此，磨床在許多零件的精加工工序中得到廣泛而廣泛的應(yīng)用。

5、鏜床

(1) 鏜床型

與前幾類加工設(shè)備相比，鏜床也是數(shù)量相對(duì)較少的加工設(shè)備。據(jù)機(jī)械師手冊(cè)統(tǒng)計(jì)，大約有23種。可分為以下幾類：深孔鏜床、坐標(biāo)鏜床、立式鏜床、臥式銑鏜床、精密鏜床、拖拉機(jī)維修鏜床等，我們的機(jī)械行業(yè)應(yīng)該飛坐標(biāo)鏜床。下面我們也對(duì)坐標(biāo)鏜床的一些特點(diǎn)做一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的介紹和分析。

(2)鏜床適用范圍

有許多類型的鉆孔機(jī)。我們將簡(jiǎn)要介紹坐標(biāo)鏜床。我們可以據(jù)此學(xué)習(xí)其他類型的鉆孔機(jī)知識(shí)。三坐標(biāo)鏜床是一種帶有精密坐標(biāo)定位裝置的精密機(jī)床，主要用于對(duì)尺寸、形狀和位置精度要求較高的孔系統(tǒng)的鏜削加工?？捎糜阢@孔、鉸孔、鉸孔、端面、切槽銑削表面，也可用于坐標(biāo)測(cè)量、精密標(biāo)尺和標(biāo)記，具有非常廣泛和可靠的加工特性。

But with the development of CNC technology, especially the development of CNC vertical milling machine and NC horizontal milling machine, boring machine, once the dominant machine in hole system processing equipment, has the risk of being replaced gradually. Of course, it has an irreplaceable objective side. However, the extinction or development of any equipment is a progress for the machining industry, It is the progress of technology, the progress of technology, and the progress of our country’s manufacturing industry.

(3)鏜床加工精度

三坐標(biāo)鏜床孔徑精度為6-7，表面粗糙度為0.4-0.8ra/μm。

But boring machine processing has a very bad place, especially when processing cast iron parts, it is called a dirty ah, a white faced young student goes in, a zhangfei Li Kui jumps out, there is a boring machine, a sense of non-existent, so based on such a practical reason of processing link, the possibility of this equipment will be replaced in the future is also increasing, Because who doesn’t care about their face? As soon as possible, many people don’t, but we need to pretend we have a lot of appearance.

6.鉆孔機(jī)

(1) 鉆床類型

This is the most widely used processing equipment in the machinery industry. If it is a machining factory, it will basically have one. If you don’t even have this processing equipment, you are embarrassed to say that you are dry processing. According to the statistics of a machining technologist’s manual, there are about 38 kinds, which can be divided into the following categories: coordinate boring and drilling machine, deep hole drilling machine, rocker drilling machine Table drilling machine, vertical drilling machine, horizontal drilling machine, milling drilling machine, center hole drilling machine, etc. the most common one we use in the machinery industry is the radial drilling machine, which is only the standard configuration of our machinery processing industry. Without this equipment, you basically can’t do this industry. That’s why we’ll focus on introducing this kind of drilling machine next.

(2)鉆床加工范圍

我們主要說的是搖臂鉆。對(duì)于這種機(jī)床，我這里只有一句話，就是鉆各種類型的孔。除鉆孔外，還可實(shí)現(xiàn)鉸孔、鉸孔、鉆孔、攻絲等加工工藝。但是它有一個(gè)很大的問題，就是孔系統(tǒng)的定位精度不高，所以對(duì)于一些對(duì)孔系統(tǒng)定位精度要求較高的零件，我們通常不會(huì)選擇鉆床來實(shí)現(xiàn)。

(3)鉆床加工精度

Slightly….. Because there is basically no machining accuracy, just drilling a hole.

7、線切割

As for the processing equipment of wire cutting, I haven’t had much contact with it, so I haven’t accumulated much in this field and haven’t done a lot of homework. Therefore, I have some limitations in the scope of use in the machinery industry, but it also has its unique existence value, especially for the blanking and processing of some special-shaped parts, However, in view of its low processing efficiency and the vigorous development of laser machine, wire cutting processing equipment is also gradually walking on the edge of the eliminated industry.

In fact, my company has a large number of wire cutting equipment, but because it is actually a blanking process, I don’t pay much attention to this equipment. My overall impression is “dirty, slow and annoying”. Many operators are unwilling to operate this equipment, especially with the vigorous application of various numerical control equipment and the gradual maturity of automation technology, The advantages of this equipment have been a little “gone”. Of course, it will continue to exist within a certain time and scope, which is certainly inevitable, but I also believe that its value will be smaller and smaller.

就個(gè)人而言，我很高興看到這種設(shè)備的消亡，因?yàn)樗诩庸ば驶蚬ぷ鳝h(huán)境方面都沒有優(yōu)勢(shì)。

注：本文建議收藏。雖然在知識(shí)上沒有什么創(chuàng)新，是一些行業(yè)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)的匯編，但是我在文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和設(shè)計(jì)，以及相關(guān)圖片的選取和處理上，都做了很用心，并且描述了結(jié)合行業(yè)的具體做法。對(duì)于機(jī)械行業(yè)的從業(yè)者，尤其是新機(jī)械工藝師具有很好的借鑒和參考價(jià)值。