????? ?????? (?????) ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ??, ?? ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????, ?????????? ??????????, ????-????? ??????????, ??? ??????, ?? ???????? ??????, ????-??? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?????-?????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??, ???? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ???, ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????, ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??? saponified ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????, ?????, ????, ???-????? ????????? ???, ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???-??????, ??????, ???-???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???-????????, ???????? ?? ??? ???-??????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ????

???????? ?????

????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???, ?? ????? ?? ????, ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??, ?? 16 ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ?? 1775 ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??, ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? 1860 ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???, ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????, ??????, ??????, ???, ???? ??????????, ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???, ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????

In the 1980s, American scientists began to evaluate cutting fluids. F. W. Taylor discovered and explained the phenomenon and mechanism that the cutting speed can be increased by 30%~40% by using pump to supply sodium carbonate aqueous solution. In view of the fact that the tool material used at that time was carbon tool steel and the main function of cutting fluid was cooling, the term “coolant” was put forward. Since then, cutting fluids have been called cooling lubricants.

With the continuous improvement of people’s understanding of cutting fluid and the enrichment of practical experience, it is found that good machined surface can be obtained by injecting oil agent into the cutting area. At first, people used animal and vegetable oils as cutting fluid, but animal and vegetable oils are easy to deteriorate and have a short period of use. At the beginning of the 20th century, people began to extract lubricating oil from crude oil and invented various lubricating additives with excellent performance. After the First World War, the research and use of mineral oil and animal and vegetable oil composite oil began. In 1924, cutting oil containing sulfur and chlorine was patented and applied to heavy cutting, broaching, thread and gear processing.

The development of tool materials has promoted the development of cutting fluid. In 1898, high-speed steel was invented, and the cutting speed is 2-4 times higher than before. Cemented carbide was first developed in Germany in 1927. The cutting speed of cemented carbide is 2-5 times higher than that of high-speed steel. With the continuous improvement of cutting temperature, the cooling performance of oil-based cutting fluid cannot fully meet the cutting requirements. At this time, people began to pay more attention to the advantages of water-based cutting fluid. The oil-in-water emulsion was produced in 1915 and became the preferred cutting fluid for heavy cutting in 1920. In 1945, the first oil-free synthetic cutting fluid was developed in the United States. Cimcool Cincinnati Milling Machine Company (later renamed Cincinnati-Mulchrone) took the lead in the development of a worldwide fully synthetic metal cutting fluid and marked the product with a unique pink color. CIMCOOL is revolutionary. In 1945, only pure oil and milk-like emulsifiers were available as cutting fluids.  Because CIMCOOL is a water-based product, its cooling performance is twice that of pure oil. Unlike oil, CIMCOOL has no smoke, no fire hazard, and clean parts after processing. Similar to the emulsified liquid phase, CIMCOOL maintains excellent cooling performance. With the unique chemical synthetic lubricant, its lubrication is developed, allowing higher cutting speed and improving tool life. CIMCOOL shows high resistance to bacterial attack, and its transparency is acceptable to the industry. CIMCOOL is a significant step forward in the field of metalworking fluid technology. Other companies have turned to chemical metalworking fluid to promote the development of cutting fluid technology. With the further development of advanced manufacturing technology and the enhancement of people’s awareness of environmental protection, new requirements have been put forward for cutting fluid technology, which will promote the development of cutting fluid technology to a higher field.

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??-?????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????, ????-???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???

?????????, ????-???????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??: ????????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???; ????-???????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???; ?? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? (????, ??? ???? ???) ?? ????? ???? ???? ????

???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????: ??? ??????, ???? ???? ??? ????, ?????? ?? ???? ???

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????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? (??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????????) ?? ??????, ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??, ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???, ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??, ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??, ????? ?? ?????, ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????, ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ???, ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???, ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????-??????? ?? ?????-???? ??? ?????? ???? ??, ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??, ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??, ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? , ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??, ?? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ???

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????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? (?? ??? ?????), ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??, ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??, ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??, ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????, ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????, ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??????, ??????? ?????, ????????? ????? ?? ????????? (?? ?????) ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??, ????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???

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???? ????? ?? ????????? ???, ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????, ??????? ?????, ???? ?? ?????, ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???, ???? ?????, ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????, ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????, ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???, ????????? ?? ???? ??, ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???, ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???, ????? ????????? ?? ???? ????????? ????-?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??, ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???????, ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???, ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??, ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??, ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??, ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???

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???? ????? ?? ????????? ???, ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????, ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????, ?? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??, ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??, ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???, ??????????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????

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??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????, ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????, ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????????, ??? ?????, ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??, ?? ??? ?? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??, ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????, ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????, ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????, ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????, ?? ???????, ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???, ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???

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??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??, ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??????????, ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? 30 m / ???? ?? ?? ???

??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? 60 ???? / ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???, ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????, ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????, ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????, ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??, ????? ?????? ????, ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????, ????? ????-?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???

?????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??, ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ??, ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???, ??????????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????, ????????, ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????????????, ?? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ???, ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???, ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????, ??????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????, ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??????

???????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????????????, ??? ????? ??????, ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????????-???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????, ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???????

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1. ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????;

2. ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??, ???? ????? ???? ??, ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???

3. ????? ?? ??????????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???, ??-?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???

4. ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??, ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???, ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????

???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???, ??????? ??-?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????-??-????????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????

?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? (???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????, ????? ????? ?? ??????, ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???), ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????????, ??????? ???? (??? ?? ???? ?? ???) ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??????, ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????, ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????

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Its heat resistance temperature is about 200 – 300 C. It can only be used for cutting general materials and will lose hardness at high temperature. Because of the poor heat resistance of this kind of tool, the cooling effect of coolant is required to be better, and it is generally appropriate to use an emulsifier.

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?? ??????? ????????, ????, ???????, ?????????? ?? ???????? (??? ??? ??????????? ?? ??) ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??, ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? 600 ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???, ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???, ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???????, ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????, ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???-?????? ????? ??? ?? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???, ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??, ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????, ???????? ?? ???????? ?????, ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????, ?????????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????

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????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? (WC), ????????? ???????? (TiC), ?????? ???????? (TaC) ?? 5-10% ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? 1000 ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???, ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???, ??????, ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ??, ????? ????? ????? ???, ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????, ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???, ????? ?????? ????????? ??, ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???, ??????? ???-?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??, ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????-?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??, ????? ???-?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???, ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???, ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????, ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???, ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????

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???? ?????? ?? ?????????, ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??, ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???

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????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???, ??-?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??, ???? ?????? ?? ??????