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????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????. ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? 2000 ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? 4000 ???? ?????. ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ?????????. ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????.
??? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? 1 ?2 ?????? ??? ???? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? (1300 ??? 1500 ???? ?????)? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????. ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????. ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????. ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????. ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ????????.
?? ??? 1923? ???? ????? ???????? 10% ??? 20% ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???????. ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????. ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????. ?? ??? 1929? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???????. ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????????.
????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? 500 ???? ?????. ????? ????? ??? 1000 ???? ?????. ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????. ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????.
???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ???. ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????. ?? ??? 1969? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????????. ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????. ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????. ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? 3 ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? 25% ??? 50%. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????.
??????? ???????
???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? 700 ???? ????? (?? ??? 1000 ???? ?????) ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????.
??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????. ?? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????. ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????. ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? (??? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????)? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ????.
??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? (?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????) ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????. ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???????.
???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?????. ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? (?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????).
?? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? (???? ?????? W 3400 ???? ?????? Re3160 ???? ?????? Ta 2996 ???? ?????? Mo 2615 ???? ?????? Nb 2415 ???? ?????) ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? 1500 ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????. ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? Ta ?Nb ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? 1300 ??? 1600 ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? 300 ??? 500 ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????. ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? W8% ?Hf2%? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? 2000 ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????. ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????.
